The dairy industry of Uruguay has long been a fundamental driver of national economic and social development. However, after 30 years of dynamic growth (> 4.5% annual accumulative rate; 1985-2015), a predominantly stagnant period has ensued. Indeed, the Uruguayan dairy chain faces deep and multifaceted economic, productive, and environmental challenges. Beyond the last decade restrictive and volatile global conditions for dairy exporting countries, Uruguayan dairy farmers face local and particular challenges that entice them to reestablish the grounds for sustainable competitive growth. This Agrociencia special issue addresses how recent research could help to navigate these challenges, with a focus on establishing a sustainable path forward amidst these complexities.